Ultrasonic transceiver circuit

ABSTRACT

An improved transceiver for use in ultrasonic echo-ranging systems is disclosed together with a system for its use. The transceiver comprises a capacitor to store power received from a central location during an inactive mode, and switching means to disconnect the capacitor from the power supply during the active mode. The capacitor is used both to supply power to an electrostatic transducer to generate an ultrasonic pulse and also to provide a noise free bias voltage to the transducer to enable it to receive the reflected pulse. An amplifier is provided as part of the transceiver so that long transmission lines between transceiver and controller are possible without undue noise. The power supply line can also be used as the signal transmission line and can be provided in a simple two-wire shielded cable, the other wire being used for logic level control signal transmission, thus allowing simplified multiplexing of a plurality of transceivers.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 165,253, filed July 2, 1980,now U.S. Pat. No. 4,400,976.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to an inexpensive remote three-wiretransceiver for use with electrostatic transducers in ultrasonicecho-ranging systems.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Ultrasonic echo-ranging has gained wide application in both liquid andsolid particulate level sensing. Such systems typically provide atransducer positioned above the material whose level is to be measured.An ultrasonic burst at, for example, 50 kHz, is transmitted downwardlytowards the material surface and reflected therefrom. The echo isreceived by the transducer and detected; that is, discrimination may beperformed. The round-trip transit time between the transmission of theburst and the reception of the echo is directly proportional to thedistance from the transducer to the material surface.

Ultrasonic ranging systems conventionally employ piezoelectric typetransducers, often with a single element serving as both transmitter andreceiver. A high frequency electrical pulse applied to a piezoelectriccrystal causes it to vibrate, emitting an acoustic pulse; if a pressurevariation is applied to the crystal, a voltage is produced. Thetransducer thus converts acoustic to electrical energy, and vice versa.Unfortunately, the mechanical inertia of the crystal significantlylimits the performance in pulsed applications. The response is slow, and"ringing" of the crystal after transmission of the burst limits theminimum distance that can be measured.

Electrostatic "Sell type" transducers which comprise a highly flexible,partially metallic diaphragm spaced from an electrode, offer severaladvantages over the more conventional piezoelectric devices, whileoperating in an essentially similar fashion. The mass of the air movingelement, the diaphragm, may be made extremely low, permitting both fastresponse and minimum ringing.

Such transducers, though, pose several unfamiliar interfacing problems.The element must be driven with on the order of several hundred voltsfor reasonable transmit energy, while an extremely well filtered dc biasmust be applied to operate in the receive mode. Further, the efficiencyis generally less than with conventional piezoelectric elements, therebyrequiring high receiver gain, and putting additional burdens on thenoise discrimination circuitry and transmission line.

It is often desirable to multiplex several transducers in a levelmeasurement system, so that a single processing circuit may be used to,e.g., monitor the level in many tanks. With conventional piezoelectrictransducers, often interfaced to with balanced lines for noiserejection, multiplexing poses several difficulties. Low signal levels,balanced lines, capacitance effects, noise and cross-talk must becarefully considered and compensated for. Often, due to theaforementioned problems, the cable lengths and number of transducersmust be limited, thus diminishing the utility of such a system. Nor aresuch problems overcome by the direct substitution of electrostatic forpiezoelectric transducers; indeed, the low signal levels and highvoltage requirements of electrostatic transducers in many casesincreases these difficulties.

OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide arelatively inexpensive remote, three-wire transceiver for use withelectrostatic transducers in ultrasonic echo-ranging systems.

It is a further object of the present invention to provide a remote,three-wire transceiver that can be simply multiplexed in largeecho-ranging systems.

Another object of the invention is to provide an improved echo rangingsystem.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A feature of the present invention is the capability to externallygenerate the high voltage transmit pulse required by electrostatictransducers at the remote transceiver via a simple logic level controlline.

A further feature of the present invention is the provision of anamplifier integral with the remote transceiver, which serves to greatlyincrease the signal to noise level in systems with long transmissionlines, thus much improving reliability.

A still further feature of the present invention is inherent noiserejection afforded by effective disconnection of the transceiver inlarge multiplexed systems when not in use.

In accordance with the features and objects of the invention listedabove, the present invention provides a remote transceiver circuit foruse with electrostatic transducers in ultrasonic ranging systems.

The transceiver comprises three functional subsystems; a switched powersupply to generate the high voltage pulse required to send a rangingsignal, a receive bias source, and an amplifier to increase theamplitude of the returned echo signal. The transceiver and thetransducer are housed together in a portable assembly that can bemounted over the material whose lever is to be measured.

A two wire shielded cable serves as the connection to thetransceiver/transducer assembly. A first wire supplies power to thetransceiver for both transmit power and receive bias, and additionallyserves as the signal return line, while a second wire carries a logiclevel signal to activate the transceiver, thus initiating transmission,and the shield serves as the system ground.

In operation a transceiver is idle until a logic level transmit pulse isapplied to the second wire. During the idle state, the first (power)line supplies current to charge a capacitor in the transceiver. When thetransmit signal is applied to the second wire three actions occur. Theincoming logic level transmit pulses are converted to high voltagepulses and applied to the transducer, to send an ultrasonic signal; thefirst line is effectively disconnected from the capacitor leaving onlythe charge that has previously accumulated; and the return amplifier isswitched on for a predetermined period of sufficient duration to receivethe delayed echo signal.

During the period that the receive amplifier is on, the capacitorsupplies bias to the transducer. Since the capacitor is integral to thetransducer assembly, and is disconnected from the power source, thisbias voltage is free from noise and interference, as is required.

When the echo returns, the amplifier raises the level of the signal to asufficient amplitude to minimize noise interference and transmits itback down the first wire to be detected and processed.

Finally the amplifier is switched off by a timing circuit carried in thetransceiver, whereupon the first line is reconnected to supply currentto charge the capacitor for further readings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be better understood if reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an ultrasonic echo-ranging transceiverbuilt in accordance with the teachings of the present invention;

FIG. 2 is a plot in the time domain illustrating the operation of thecircuit shown in FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a preferred embodiment of thepresent invention; and

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a multiplexed multichannel level sensingsystem in accordance with the teachings of the present invention.

DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Referring now to FIG. 1, the transceiver circuitry is shown insimplified block form for clarity. The transceiver is connected to aremote power supply and controller by a two-wire shielded cable, shownin dotted lines. The voltages cited are for purposes of illustration andwill vary as a function of the transducer characteristics and systemrequirements.

A 100 volt dc voltage source supplies current through resistor 1, powerlead 2 and diode 3 to charge capacitor 4 to approximately 100 volts.Amplifier 5 is idle at this point, drawing essentially no current frompower lead 2.

To initiate a transmit/receive cycle, a series of logic level pulses areapplied to the control line 6 at a frequency determined in accordancewith the transducer characteristics. When this occurs, a switching powersupply, or inverter 7, is controlled to draw current from capacitor 4,and applies a series of high-voltage (approximately 300 volts) pulses toelectrostatic transducer 8. The pulses are transformed into acousticenergy and travel downward towards the material surface.

During this transmit burst, a relatively high signal level is fed intoamplifier 5 thereby causing it to turn on; clipping diodes 9 limit theinput signal to a safe level. When amplifier 5 turns on, a preciseamount of current is drawn from the power line 2 into amplifier 5thereby forcing a voltage drop across the resistor 1 of approximately 10volts and back-biasing diode 3. Amplifier 5 will remain on for a periodof time sufficient to allow reception of the furthest expected echo andthen automatically turn off. During this time capacitor 4, effectivelydisconnected from the power line 2 by back-biased diode 3, supplies anoise-free receive bias voltage to transducer 8.

When the echo returns, transducer 8 converts the acoustic energy into avoltage applied to the input of amplifier 5. Amplifier 5 is desirably atransconductance amplifier with a gain sufficient to produce an outputof several volts across resistor 1 at the output 10. Finally, sometimefollowing the reception of the echo, amplifier 5 automatically switchesoff, halting the current flow through resistor 1 and allowing diode 3 toagain forward bias and recharge capacitor 4, thus readying thetransceiver for the next measurement.

Referring now to FIG. 2, the voltage at point 10 of FIG. 1 versus timeis illustrated. When the capacitor is charged, the voltage remainssteady at 100 v, as shown at A. When the transmit is initiated at pointB, the current drawn from the amplifier 5 turning on causes the dcvoltage to drop approximately 10 volts. When the echo is received, it isamplified by the amplifier 5 and outputted as a voltage signal C; themagnitude of this voltage is limited to approximately 20 volts peak topeak. A short time later amplifier 5 switches off at D unbiasing diode 3and allowing the capacitor 4 to recharge at E and be ready to acceptanother transmission.

A preferred embodiment of the transceiver according to the presentinvention is shown in FIG. 3. Referring now to the upper half of FIG. 3,a switching power supply, comprising inductor 14, switching transistor15, input capacitor 16 and resistor 17, provides the high voltagetransmit pulses to transducer 8. To initiate a transmission, a series oflogic level pulses, at the desired transmit frequency, are applied tothe transmit or control line 6. The input capacitor 16 and the resistor17 differentiate the incoming pulse waves, causing transistor 15 toconduct for each positive transition of the pulse train. The flybackaction of inductor 14 applies high voltage pulses to the transducer 8.AC coupled zener diode 18 clips the AC amplitude of the waveform at apredetermined value for two reasons; to stabilize the output amplitudeagainst supply and component variations, and to prevent the voltage atthe transducer 8 from reaching destructive levels.

The receive amplifier, shown generally in the lower half of FIG. 3, is aself-biased, high-gain compound pair, employing both AC and DC, positiveand negative feedback. The input signal is developed across and peaklimited by clipping diodes 9. The onset of the high level transmit pulseburst causes transistor 19 to conduct, which in turn supplies basecurrent to transistor 20. The positive DC feedback from resistor 21 oftransistor 20 to the input bias string (resistors 23, 24 and 25), causesthe amplifier to latch on in a stable DC condition within an extremelyshort period. Zener diode 26, the resistor bias string and the DCnegative feedback developed across resistor 27, stabilize the operatingpoint. Resistor 21 is used only to develop the bias voltage and istherefore bypassed for AC signals by capacitor 22.

When the amplifier is triggered "on", a predetermined DC current isdrawn from resistor 1 thereby producing a voltage drop across resistor 1and back biasing diode 3. Thus for the remainder of the transmit burstand the receive cycle after the amplifier has been triggered "on", thetransmit and receive bias energy is drawn solely from the storagecapacitor 4.

The amplifier now remains "on" for a period sufficient to allowreception of the longest expected delayed echo. Programmable UnijunctionTransistor (PUT) 28, resistor 29 and capacitor 30 form a timing networkto automatically switch the amplifier "off" after this predeterminedperiod thus: when the transmit burst triggers the bias string "on",capacitor 30 begins to charge at a rate determined by resistor 29 andthe breakdown voltage of zener 26. When the voltage on capacitor 30reaches the threshold of the PUT 28, it fires, shorting out the biasstring, and thereby turning the amplifier "off". Resistor 31 is includedto limit the discharge current and thus ensure turn off of theamplifier.

The overall midband AC gain of the receive amplifier when "on" isdetermined by the ratio of resistor 33 to the external load resistor 1.Two-pole low frequency rejection is provided by input capacitor 40 andfeedback capacitor 32.

Thus, when an echo is received on transducer 8, the signal is applied tothe receive amplifier through coupling capacitor 40 where it isamplified and outputted as a current modulation through external loadresistor 1.

A multiple channel multiplexed level sensing system is illustrated insimplified block form in FIG. 4. A large number of transceivers 34according to FIG. 3 can be multiplexed by simple logic level selectionof the desired channel. The transceivers 34 can be used to, e.g.,monitor the level of materials in a plurality of vessels 50, as shown inschematic view.

A conventional demultiplexer 35 decodes the control signals from amaster controller to select the tank or vessel 50 whose material levelis to be measured. A logic level transmit burst is applied to the dataline 36 and routed according to the address applied to the demultiplexeraddress lines 37.

As discussed above, upon being triggered by the logic level signalburst, the selected channel transmits an acoustic burst, receives theecho, amplifies it and outputs it as a current modulation through itsrespective load resistor 1. The voltage output produced across the loadresistor 1 of the channel 34 in use is then fed into mixing amplifier 39through the corresponding mixing resistor 38 and input couplingcapacitor 42, which is required to isolate the amplifier from the 100volt DC power supply. Amplifier 40 is in a conventional mixing amplifierconfiguration employed to prevent interaction between channels, to levelshift the output and to provide a low output impedance. The gain of thisstage is equal to the ratio of feedback resistor 41 to mixing resistor38, thus providing optionally differeing gain to the differing channels.The signal can thence be passed to noise discrimination circuitry, forexample as described in my copending application Ser. No. 165,254, filedJuly 2, 1980, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,315,325, or other processingcircuitry.

The advantages of the present invention over a more conventionalapproach may now be cited explicitly:

First, by multiplexing signal and power in one line, the interface isaccomplished with a simple two-wire shielded cable, thereby reducingexpense and bulk.

Second, the high voltage, high frequency pulses required fortransmission are generated at the transducer, thereby eliminating theproblems associated with transmitting high voltage, high frequencysignals down long cables; the high voltage transmission is dc, while thehigh frequency transmission is logic level.

Third, the storage capacitor, since it is effectively disconnected fromthe transmission line during the receive mode, supplies noise-freereceive bias to the transducer. With a typical difference intransmit/receive signal levels of several order of magnitude and thewell known bias supply noise susceptibility of electrostatictransducers, this fact offers a simple solution to the problem ofproviding noiseless bias in systems requiring multiple transducers inremote level sensing sites.

Fourth, the signal is amplifier at the transducer location, thusallowing long transmission lines.

Fifth, the transmit cycle is initiated with a simple logic level signal.This permits multiplexing of a large number of transducers with simplelogic level selection.

Sixth, each signal/power transmission line is effectively AC groundedthrough the storage capacitor when not in use, thereby reducing thenoise which may be induced by unused channels in a multiplexed system.

Seventh, the output signal is a current, thereby unaffected bytransmission line losses.

Eighth, and finally, the extensive use of feedback stabilizes thecircuit against temperature and age-induced component drift, powersupply variation and in many cases negates the need for initialcalibration.

It will be appreciated that there has been described a transceiver foruse in ultrasonic echo-ranging system and a system within which it canbe used, which provides numerous advantages over the prior art.Moreover, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that thecircuitry described has wide applicability to echo-ranging systems,particularly those wherein it is desired that a long distance beinterposed between individual transceivers and a central controller suchas frequently encountered in, e.g., chemical plants and various sorts ofindustrial manufacturing operations, as well as in monitoring of, forexample, aircraft fuel levels. Of course, use of the term "distant" or"remote" is not to be construed as a limitation on the invention; the"distance" could be fractional. It will likewise be appreciated by thoseskilled in the art that numerous modifications and improvements can bemade to the preferred embodiment of the invention disclosed abovewithout departing from its essential spirit and scope, which shouldtherefore not be construed as limited by the above specification butonly by the following claims.

What is claimed is:
 1. A transceiver comprising:receiver means for receiving a signal; means for emitting an ultrasonic pulse in response to a received signal; electrostatic transducer means for detecting a reflected ultrasonic pulse; amplifier means for amplifying a detected pulse; transmitter means for transmitting the amplified pulse; means adapted to be connected to a power supply line for storing energy; means for disconnecting said means for storing energy from said power supply line such that said stored energy may be supplied in a substantially noise-free manner to said electrostatic transducer for biasing said electrostatic transducer for detecting said pulse; means for operating said transceiver in a first quiescent mode during which energy is stored in said means for storing energy and in a second active mode during which said stored energy is supplied to said electrostatic transducer for biasing it; and means for making the transition between said first and second modes of operation upon receipt of said signal by receiver means.
 2. The transceiver of claim 1 wherein energy is supplied to said transceiver for storage at a relatively high voltage.
 3. The transceiver of claim 2 wherein said signal received by said receiver means is of relatively low voltage.
 4. The transceiver of claim 1 wherein said transmitted amplified pulse is a relatively low amplitude, high-frequency superimposition on substantially DC voltage supplied to said receiver for storage.
 5. The transceiver of claim 4 wherein the ultrasonic pulse emitted has the frequency of said signal received by said receiver means.
 6. A transceiver for emitting and detecting ultrasonic pulses, operable in a first quiescent mode and a second active mode, comprising:means adapted to be connected to a power supply line for storage of energy received in said quiescent mode; means for detecting a first signal; means for terminating said quiescent mode by disconnection of said means for storing energy from said power supply line upon detection of said first signal and entering said active mode; means for transmitting an ultrasonic pulse; means for detecting a reflected ultrasonic pulse, said means for detecting comprising: an electrostatic transducer for detecting an ultrasonic pulse, and for outputting a second signal in response thereto; and means for supplying energy stored in said means for storage to said transducer in a substantially noise-free manner, for biasing said transducer; and means for amplifying said second signal.
 7. The transceiver of claim 6 wherein said energy received is relatively high voltage DC and said amplified second signal is a relatively high frequency low amplitude signal superimposed on said high voltage DC.
 8. The transceiver of claim 6 wherein said first signal is a high-frequency, low-level signal and said ultrasonic pulse is emitted at a frequency equal to said high frequency.
 9. A system comprising a central controller and at least one transceiver, said controller adapted to supply high voltage DC energy and logic level control pulses over respective connecting lines to said at least one transceiver, said transceivers each comprising:means for storing said DC energy; means for emitting an ultrasonic pulse upon receipt of said logic level control pulses; an electrostatic transducer for detecting reflected ultrasonic pulses; means for effectively disconnecting said transceiver from said DC energy connecting line; means for supplying said stored energy to said electrostatic transducer to bias the same in a substantially noise-free manner, and means for amplifying and transmitting the output of said transducer to said central controller.
 10. The system of claim 9 wherein said means for storing DC energy is capacitor means, and said means for supplying said stored energy to said transducer in a noise-free manner is means for disconnecting said capacitor from the line connecting said controller to said transceiver over which said DC energy is carried.
 11. The system of claim 10 wherein said means for disconnecting is means for back-biasing a diode connected between said line over which said DC is carried out said capacitor means.
 12. The system of claim 9 wherein said means for emitting an ultrasonic pulse and said electrostatic transducer are one and the same.
 13. The system of claim 9 wherein said controller comprises means for multiplexing signals received from plural ones of said transceivers by supplying said control pulses to them in succession. 